From the end of the 3rd century to the early 5th century AD, Breckenheim was the site of an early-Halamannic settlement. Based on the place name, a Frankish foundation from the 6th to the 9th century is probable, as is the case with Delkenheim. Breckenheim was first mentioned on 01.05.950 in a diploma of King Otto I; from 1137 Breckenheim belonged to the Lords of Eppstein. Breckenheim was one of the richest villages in their dominion; they had a fortified farmstead here, which probably included a mill mentioned in 1300. Important ecclesiastical landowners were the Mainz cathedral chapter, the Mariengredenstift and Bleidenstadt monastery.

Like other villages in the Ländchen, B. was caught up in the disputes between the Counts of Nassau and the Lords of Eppstein at the beginning of the 15th century; the village was burnt down in a feud at the end of 1417. Pledged by the Eppsteiners to the Counts Palatine of the Rhine in 1480/88, Breckenheim finally passed to the Landgraviate of Hesse along with the rest of the "Ländchen" in 1492.

A chapel in Breckenheim was first mentioned on 15.05.1251; it was dedicated to St. Nicholas and became an independent parish church in 1310. In 1655, Medenbach and the associated Wildsachsen were a branch of Breckenheim. The separation did not take place until 1984. The Reformation was introduced in 1530. The church was destroyed in a fire that destroyed most of the village in 1638; only the Romanesque church tower survived. From 1720-24, a new baroque hall church was built and the tower was renovated. The church formed the center of the village. The court, which was first mentioned in 1300, met in front of it. It was presided over by the Schultheiß, who was appointed by the people of Eppstein; he exercised the power of command and criminal law in the village. He was assisted by 16 dingleute in 1368 and five aldermen in 1375. The Mechtildshausen district court was responsible for blood jurisdiction. A court seal from 1729 shows St. Michael with a sword in his right hand and scales in his left.

Breckenheim was an important wine-growing community in the late Middle Ages; the village supplied the mass wine for Bleidenstadt Monastery. After the Thirty Years' War, however, wine-growing declined; people tried to improve the depressing economic situation by growing tobacco and fruit, producing fruit vinegar, sheep farming and the wool trade. A sheep farm is mentioned for the first time in 1570. In 1614 there was a sheep farm and a mill, which Landgrave Moritz had lent to a Frankfurt post administrator. An oil mill, the Klingenmühle, was built in 1745 and operated until 1900. The "Lochmühle", a grain mill, existed from 1846-94.

In 1592, Breckenheim had 43 houses with 160 inhabitants. Many people fell victim to the Thirty Years' War and the plague, and the village had only eight inhabitants in 1638. The village was severely devastated. The independent villages of Harpach and Costloff with 10 families between Breckenheim and Medenbach were also razed to the ground and never rebuilt. By 1668, 30 families were once again living in Breckenheim.

In 1665 we hear about the school conditions for the first time. In this year, the parish priest demanded money for the salary of a schoolmaster. Around 1690, the first classroom was set up in a tithe barn. Until then, children had to go to school in Wallau. In 1724, the first "proper" school with two classrooms and a teacher's apartment was built in a larger building; the mayor also had his offices in this house. With the introduction of compulsory education in 1755, a qualified teacher took over the teaching for the first time; he also acted as organist, sexton and bell ringer. A second teaching post was created in 1845. A new school was built on the Mönchacker in 1938. The old school served as the town hall until 1966; the building was demolished in 1967. In 1750, Breckenheim obtained a better water supply by drilling nine wells. Breckenheim had a comparatively large Jewish population: in 1794 it amounted to around 5%. In 1831, Duke Wilhelm zu Nassau issued a letter of protection to the Jew Salomon from Breckenheim. In 1843, 32 out of 707 inhabitants were Jewish. In 1859, the Jewish inhabitants of Langenhain, Medenbach and Wildsachsen also belonged to the Jewish community of Breckenheim. Around 1900, the Adolf and Rosa Kahn family ran a fruit and animal feed business in the village; Adolf Kahn was one of the founders of the "Eintracht" choral society, which was founded in 1885. Breckenheim became a part of Nassau with the Imperial Deputation of 1803 and then Prussia in 1866.

From the 1830s onwards, the local roads and the road to Igstadt were extended. After many petitions, a new rectory was built in 1804 and a second teacher's post was created in 1845. There had been a fire department in the village since 1763. Breckenheim was connected to the electricity grid in 1911. In 1928/29, the village received a modern water supply. From 1927, there was a municipal bus line from Breckenheim to Bierstadt; from there, it was possible to take the electric streetcar to Wiesbaden.

Breckenheim remained a farming village until the 1950s, but agriculture was no longer the main source of income for the inhabitants. More and more Breckenheim residents turned to tailoring and, above all, the building trade. Milk deliveries to the nearby spa town provided an additional source of income. The first clubs were founded in the village from the 1880s: the "Eintracht" choral society in 1885, the Breckenheim gymnastics club in 1890, the poultry breeding club in 1907, the fire department club in 1910, the Solidarität cycling club in 1912 and the "Frohsinn" choral society in 1922. There were 24 casualties in the First World War, for whom a memorial was erected in front of the church in 1923 after the withdrawal of the French occupation. The community survived the Second World War largely unscathed, apart from 64 fallen and missing.

After the Second World War, the population grew considerably due to the influx of displaced persons (1939: 826 inhabitants; 1946: 1065 inhabitants; 1950: 1142 inhabitants). In the 1960s, Breckenheim became a preferred residential community. Large building areas were designated for people from Wiesbaden, Mainz and Frankfurt who wanted to build, initially "Auf der Ahl" and in the "Die Weinberge" area, later "Prügelwiese" and "Prügelgärten" were added. A multi-purpose building to house the town hall, the fire station and seven apartments was built in 1965. By 1980, the population had tripled. In 2014, Breckenheim had around 3,300 inhabitants.

In the 1960s, the village was given a coat of arms based on the old court seal, which depicts a vertical silver sword with a golden handle and golden scales in red. In 1974, the municipal authorities decided that Breckenheim should be incorporated into Wiesbaden. On 21.06.1974, the Hessian state parliament approved this request and the incorporation took place on 01.01.1977.