In the 17th century, the Nassau lands were connected to the imperial postal service, namely to a Brussels-Cologne postal connection that also touched Idstein. When the postal routes shifted and Idstein was left out, Prince Georg August Samuel set up his own connections between Idstein-Wiesbaden and Wiesbaden-Frankfurt in 1711. The resulting conflict with the imperial postmaster and holder of the imperial postal regulations, the Prince of Thurn and Taxis, was settled a few years later by the latter taking over the posts from Nassau.

With the end of the empire, the postal regime fell to the new Duchy of Nassau in 1806. However, Nassau did not take over the postal service itself, but instead enfeoffed Thurn und Taxis with the Nassau postal traffic in 1807 for an annual fee of 6,000 fl. It wasn't until 1867 that the Kingdom of Prussia concluded a redemption agreement with the House of Thurn and Taxis, which also placed Nassau's postal service on a new footing. From 1795 to 1848, the postal service in Wiesbaden was provided by the landlords of the Adler inn and bathhouse, who also acted as postmasters. The employment relationship was then dissolved, but the rooms in the Adler continued to be used by what was now known as the post office, whose staff consisted of a postmaster and twelve employees.

In 1868, the post office was relocated to Schützenhofstraße and in 1876 to the Walderdorff Palace in Rheinstraße. In 1904/05, a new neo-baroque building was erected on the same site with around 450 employees before the First World War. This was replaced in 1975 by the new main post office on Kaiser-Friedrich-Ring, which was demolished in 2002.

Since the 1990s, the post office has been operated by smaller agencies and branches in conjunction with local service providers.