Nassau Fire Insurance was founded by edict on January 17, 1806 for the Principality of Nassau-Usingen and extended to all parts of the Duchy of Nassau by decree of the Ducal Administration Commission on January 13, 1808. It followed in the tradition of the cooperatively organized and state-managed damage insurance companies that had emerged everywhere since the second half of the 18th century. The primary purpose was to restore and replace buildings damaged or destroyed by fire. Insurance was just as important for the construction of new buildings. Only those who could prove that a property was adequately insured against loss of value were able to obtain the mortgage loans required to finance it. As the government was interested in both lively construction activity and legal protection for all mortgage holders, it made the registration of mortgages expressly dependent on the conclusion of fire insurance in an edict dated March 15/17, 1808.

While membership of Nassau fire insurance was generally voluntary, it was compulsory for owners of mortgaged buildings. Factories that processed flammable materials and other buildings with a particularly high fire risk were excluded from the insurance. In these cases, however, it was possible to insure the property with a foreign company. Otherwise, Nassauische Brandversicherung held a monopoly position, which, like the compulsory insurance of mortgaged buildings, remained in place for the territory of the Duchy of Nassau despite all state upheavals. There were changes in the indemnification payments and the level of premiums.

Initially, the thatched roofs and hut roofs that were widespread in the countryside and the lack of firewalls posed a particular problem. Initially, any damage that occurred was only to be partially compensated. Then, the system switched to charging higher rates. Finally, in 1872, all buildings were classified into one of five tariff classes according to their structural condition and location, a regulation that was later further differentiated. Further innovations came in 1923 with the reduction of all building prices to the cost level of 1914 and the introduction of new value insurance in 1930. As long as the Duchy of Nassau existed, the Nassau state acted as the organizational body.

After the annexation in 1866, the administration was initially transferred to the government in Wiesbaden, before being transferred to the local government of the Wiesbaden administrative district and its organs on January 1, 1872 by law dated December 21, 1871. From 1934 onwards, Nassau Fire Insurance was subordinate to the Chief President in Kassel and, on his behalf, to the Governor of the Nassau Provincial Association. After 1945, the institution, which was once again a municipal institution, became the responsibility of the Wiesbaden District Municipal Association. The Hessian law on the intermediate level of administration of May 7, 1953 transferred the institution to the sponsorship of the state of Hesse.

The business area was expanded several times during the Prussian era: from January 1, 1868 to include the district of Biedenkopf and the north-western part of the district of Giessen, from January 1, 1880 to include the Homburg district, from April 1, 1886 to include the city district of Frankfurt and from August 1, 1932 to include the district of Wetzlar. However, the monopoly claim was dropped in these areas. In the city district of Frankfurt, only buildings encumbered with mortgages had to be insured with Nassauische Brandversicherung; in the other areas, there was free competition. After EC law introduced the abolition of monopolies and compulsory insurance in building fire insurance in 1994, Nassauische Brandversicherung merged with three other property insurers to form SV Sparkassenversicherung Hessen-Nassau-Thüringen on July 1, 1997. The guarantor was gradually transferred to the Sparkassen- und Giroverbände Hessen-Thüringen and Rheinland-Pfalz. Finally, on January 1, 2004, Sparkassenversicherung Hessen-Nassau-Thüringen merged with SV-Versicherungen in Baden-Württemberg under the umbrella of a holding company to form SV Sparkassenversicherung based in Stuttgart.

The "Traditionsverein der Nassauischen Brandversicherungsanstalt e.V." was formed in 1997 to safeguard, archive and process the historical evidence of the Nassauische Brandversicherungsanstalt.