The Wiesbaden Theater was built at the beginning of the 1890s on the initiative of Kaiser Wilhelm II and was inaugurated as a new royal court theater on 16 October 1894 in the presence of the monarch.
In 1902, the building was extended to include the foyer and further buildings for rehearsals and workshops according to the plans of Wiesbaden city architect Felix Genzmer.

After the end of the First World War, the theater was renamed the "Prussian State Theater". The dome was largely destroyed in a fire on March 18, 1923, but the theater reopened its doors on December 20, 1923 after only nine months of renovation. After sponsorship was transferred from the state of Prussia to the city in 1932, the theater was renamed "Nassauisches Landestheater" once again.

It was not until after the Second World War, when the north side was severely damaged during the air raid from February 2 to 3, 1945, that the building was given the name "Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden".

Extensive renovation work was carried out between 1975 and 1978. The completion of this work and the reopening of the theater were celebrated with a festive ceremony on May 11, 1978. The invited representatives of Wiesbaden's twin cities signed the city's Golden Book on this occasion.